Chapter 13 Questions

Chapter 13

1.

In chapter 13, the author claims that visual images are universal. He claims, “Aural and visual information create an instant shorthand for feelings and moods that print cannot easily match. Images of happiness, anger, or fear are universally recognizable. We learn that what these facial expressions signify in the first year of life, and symbols (smiles, frowns, cringing posture, and so on) soon after. Unlike learning a foreign language or a specialized field of knowledge, we do not need to master special “access codes” to understand many forms of aural and visual information (384).” He also claims that Pinocchio was successful both in Japan and America as an example. I agree that these basic facial expressions are universal. Facial expressions towards some basic feelings such as anger and fear are the same both in Japan and the U.S. However, it is not clear if visual images do not take any knowledge to understand them. For example, it is hard to say that the reason of Pinocchio and other Disney movies’ success may not be simply because of the visual. In what situation do you think visuals are universal and not universal? Do you agree that most people are able to read these symbols and visuals without special knowledge?

2.

In page 403, the author talks about defining key terms. He claims that it is important to explain phrases and concepts that the presenter uses in the main content. However, I do not understand how it flows. Does it mean to explain the terms the presenter uses in his/her presentation? Or, does that mean the presenters are encouraged to explain his/her thesis before the body part starts? These examples in the book also confused me about what the author really means by “Key Terms” because it seems like one example focuses on terms the presenter uses, and the other focuses on explaining the main point. What does that mean to “define key terms”? Also what is the difference between defining key terms and introducing the thesis?

3.

In page 406, the author encourages the speaker not to memorize the entire speech. He also states that reading off the paper is not as effective as talking without a script. (406-407) it is understandable that the speaker is more expressive when he/she does not just read a speech. However, I still think that reading gives more accuracy, and the speaker can provide information about the topic. Is expressiveness more important over accuracy? Is there any special occasion you can think that a scripted presentation is more important than speaking with an outline?